What is Individual Heterogeneity in Human Diseases?Why is it Important to Understand Human Diseases at the Individual Level?Why One-Size-Fits-All Treatment Approaches do not Always WorkReferencesFurther Reading What is individual heterogeneity in human diseases? The degree of susceptibility, as well as the prognosis of human diseases, are not evenly distributed at…

IntroductionSocial Media and COVID-19: What are the Downsides?Social Media and COVID-19: Is there an Upside?Millennials, Generation Z and Social MediaReferencesFurther Reading In the wake of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), many turned to social media for information and guidance. There are both positive and negative aspects to this behavior. These range from…

IntroductionSupporting evidenceEffectsReferencesFurther reading Protein arginylation is a post-translational modification that transfers the amino acid arginine from tRNA directly to protein targets via the enzyme arginyltransferase (ATE1). Arginylation can occur on any residue at the N-terminus of a protein and requires a specific structural recognition motif on the protein surface. Arginylation…

IntroductionWhat is the Gut Microbiome?The Functional Effect of Antibiotics on the GutAntibiotics Alter the Balance of Microbial SpeciesThe Impact of Antibiotics on Gut Microbiota Pre and Post BirthThe Immunomodulatory Effects of Antibiotics on the Gut MicrobiotaReferences Antibiotic treatment alters the composition and magnitude of got microbiota species. Overall, antibiotics reduce…

IntroductionInfection or inflammationBlockage of the DuctsTumorsVascular IssuesDiseasesInjury to the OrgansManaging HematospermiaDo Prostatic Conditions Cause Hematospermia?References Semen is a fluid that is composed of sperm as well as fluids from the prostate and other glands. The resulting seminal fluid or ejaculate passes through several ducts on its way to the urethra….

IntroductionWhat are endocrine disruptors?How may endocrine disruptors enter the human body?What are the effects of endocrine disruptors on health?Impact on the reproductive systemImpact on the adrenal glandImpact on the thyroid glandImpact on the pituitary glandEndocrine disruptors and endocrine malignanciesReferencesFurther Reading       Endocrine disruptors are natural or artificial chemicals that…